The keynote of the meeting was a determined effort to obtain federal money for the improvement of western waterways so that they might be used as reliable routes for cheap transportation.48 Cheap transportation, delegates argued, would allow the United States to monopolize the markets of the world.49, In May 1873, cheap transportation advocates held another convention in St. Louisthe Western Congressional Convention. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. The threat of a railroad monopoly, the commercial decline of the Mississippi River and rising dissatisfaction with his Republican party were of particular concern to Senator Windom (Figure 7). The remarkable physical adaptation of our country for cheap and ample water communications, the committee concluded, point unerringly to the improvement of our great natural water-ways, and their connection by canals, or by short freight-railway portages under control of the government, as the obvious and certain solution of the problem of cheap transportation.57, Relying on the reports the Corps of Engineers submitted, the committee noted that improvements on the Mississippi River had been sporadic. A favorable landing site on the east bank would have to be located, while other operations would be necessary to distract the Confederates. In his report for the 1871 season, Captain Wm. To further increase the water available for navigation, Congress authorized the Corps to construct six dams at the headwaters of the Mississippi, in northern Minnesota, between 1880 and 1907. At 692 miles, the Yellowstone River ranks . Questions had arisen about his sobriety, with the War Department sending an observer to his headquarters. . The Mississippi River is the second longest river in North America measuring a total length of 2320 miles from its traditional source at Lake Itasca. . . Mackenzie made the surveys, including borings, during the low-water season of 1893 and concluded that the Corps would have to build two locks and dams to bring navigation to the old steamboat landing below the Washington Avenue Bridge. FIRST RAILROADS So, commercial leaders in Minneapolis, supported by the State of Minnesota, sought federal support for navigation improvements in 1866. The Headwaters project provided for construction of the Winnibigoshish Dam in 1883-1884 and the completion of dams at Leech Lake (1884), Pokegama Falls (1884), Pine River (1886), Sandy Lake (1895), and Gull Lake (1912). In early March, Grant wired General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck, I will have Vicksburg this month or fail in the attempt. He ordered operations on the Yazoo River and through Steeles Bayou, both of which ended in failure. From 1850 to 1870, it delivered supplies and furs on two-wheeled carts between St. Paul, Minnesota and the frontier. Tweet, History of Transportation on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, p. 22. The first enslaved Africans brought to the colony during the John Law Company period (1717-1731) were housed directly across from the settlement on the West Bank in what is now Algiers Point. This is the general phone line at the Mississippi River Visitor Center. The first ferries crossing from Piggott's complex to St. Louis were pirogues, small boats similar to canoes, made from hollowed out logs. Rail lines were generally shorter, more direct, and could reach deep into lands served by no navigable rivers. 58, pp. Nate [Nathan] Daly, Tracks and Trails: Incidents in the Life of a Minnesota Pioneer, (Walker, Minnesota: Cass County Pioneer, 1931), p. 18. Desiring to keep traffic flowing past their city, the citizens had attempted to close the Wisconsin channel but had been unsuccessful. This measurement takes into account the full mainstem of the river. Under steam power, people and goods could be transported upstream far more quickly and in greater numbers and quantities than on boats with sails or oars or poles. With Warren's arrival in St. Paul in August, the Corps established a permanent stake in how the upper Mississippi River would be managed and changed. Carey's 1814 Map of Missouri Territory formally Louisiana. . March 26, 2015. Simple Add/Edit Procedure . Following through on the 1894 act, Congress provided for the construction of Lock and Dam 1 in the River and Harbor Act of March 3, 1899. 196-97, 199; Tweet, History of Transportation, 38-39. While mining Fold3 today, I ran across the Citizens Records of John McKay. 2, 62nd Cong., 3d sess., Doc. . Kane, Rivalry, pp. On the night of April 16, with Grant watching from a transport, Porters fleet of gunboats, steamers and barges successfully ran the Confederate batteries, losing only one transport to Southern fire. . By Staff Writer Last Updated April 06, 2020. In 1858, when Minnesota became a state, the new legislature sent a petition to Congress requesting that the federal government improve the river for navigation above St. Paul.70, While Minneapolis navigation boosters focused on shipping, others recognized the river's hydropower potential between the falls and St. Paul. Due to the milling operations at the falls, the cataract was in danger of deteriorating into a series of rapids. 1850: Birth of the levee system. [and] suggested that the Congress study the problem and find a solution. Windom, Select Committee, p. 7; Schonberger, Transportation to the Seaboard, p. 29. Ibid. . Twelve years later, in 1848, the territory became the new state of . As cited in U. S. Congress, House, Letter from the Secretary of War, Transmitting, with a Letter from the Chief of Engineers, Report of Estimate for Six-Foot Channel in the Mississippi River between the Missouri River and St. Paul, Minn., 59th Cong., 2nd sess., H. Doc. From St. Anthony Falls to downtown St. Paul, some 15 river miles, the river falls more than 100 feet. Snags were such frequent and treacherous hazards that steamboat pilots named them (Figure 3). Not even a severe t-storm watch was issued. He describes the immense river as a "solid, shifting lake," a rather perfect description. Thompson gives a rule which is better adapted to the present project (the 6-foot channel), in which he places the dams in straight reaches the full channel width apart, increasing the space 25 per cent on the convex side and diminishing it 25 per cent on the concave side, depending on the degree of curvature. 17 Oct 1872 BUTLER, Thomas *15: BRAKEMAN, Harriet (1835-1866): m'd 05 Jul 1852 WADSWORTH, Elisha . Windom had already served in the House for a decade. Washington Crossing the Delaware By Emanuel Leutze Beautiful Detailed Print . Annual Report, 1872, pp. Many just mention herds of Government cattle, but one, for 305 head in June of 1863, specifically mentions Texas cattle. And Congress had authorized, that year, a sixth dam for the Headwaters, the one at Gull Lake. Granted, Mackenzie repeatedly called for locks and dams. . The bridge was completed on June 30, 1956. A 1903-1905 Corps navigation map shows the river ribbed with wing dams and closing dams and lined with hundreds of miles of riprap. Frederic Paxson, American Frontier, 1763-1893, (Chicago: The Riverside Press, 1924), p. 517. St. Paul recorded 41 steamboat arrivals in 1844, and 95 in 1849. . (Figure 1). As the state failed to return it, the Corps did not begin work. Nick seems somewhat disappointed in the Mississippi's appearance, although happy that he has seen the great American river. No sooner had a barge of rocks been pulled up to the dam, Hill remembered, than the symmetry of the load was destroyed as the men began the routine of sinking the mat. At this point only 310 miles of levees had been built along the river, allowing for expanded cotton production within the Delta region of the state. issues at that time included . Barns also argues that Kelley came away from his southern trip with the idea for the Grange, and that Kelley had a more radical organization in mind from the outset than Buck and other historians admit. crossing the mississippi river in 1850. I could even smell the delightfully blended odor of the willows and of the creosoted marline twine with which the bundles were held together. Little and Ives Company, 1944), p. 166; Hartsough, Canoe, pp. . Note, the other route was down the Tennessee to the Ohio then down the Mississippi to the Natchez area. Overall, Warren found that those who had been using the river evince a shrewd knowledge of the action of running water and the means of temporarily controlling it, gained by their constant experience and observation.33 Warren listened to these knowledgeable sources, but came to his own conclusions. All the campaigns, labors, hardships and exposures from the month of December previous to this time that had been made and endured, were for the accomplishment of this one object. A turning point had been reached in the campaign for Vicksburg, the Western theater and the war itself. Hartsough, Canoe, pp. All this, they believed, was part of their manifest destiny. Shortly after the glaciers withdrew from southern Minnesota some 10,000 years ago, St. Anthony Falls stretched across the river valley near downtown St. Paul. 11, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909), pp. The miller's fear, he said, "is another waterpower that might result incidentally from our effort to get Boats to the Falls of St. Anthony.75, Minneapolis navigation boosters clearly saw that Meeker's project would extend navigation above St. Paul, which was their primary reason for supporting it. At Dibbles Point, the shoreline had eroded 15 to 20 feet in one year due to a wing dam built at Prescott Island, near Prescott.67 To protect shores from naturally eroding or from being undercut by the constricted channel, the Corps protected hundreds of miles of shoreline with brush mats and rock. Merritt, Creativity, 140; Lucile M. Kane, The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall that Built Minneapolis, (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987), pp. 1850, Ferry Crossings (Platte to Malad Rivers) Ferry costs in 1850 from the Platte to the Malad Rivers. By the fall of 1906 the Engineers had completed most of Lock and Dam 2, and on May 19, 1907, the Itura became the first steamboat to pass through the lock (Figure 11). Pike took 40 strokes in his bateau and Long only 16 in his skiff.12. The St. Paul businessmen included William E. McNair, Eugene M. Wilson, William S. King, Edward Murphy, and Isaac Atwater. The Missouri drains 528,000 sq. To steamboats, even half a foot was important. The Corps simply did not have the funding, equipment, personnel or authority to make significant and permanent changes. Grangers sought to control railroad rates through state and federal regulation and through improved navigation on the nation's rivers. The Union general had determined after the December failures to march his army down the Louisiana side of the river south of Vicksburg and then ferry it across to the east bank. Direct communication, they pleaded, is both natural and necessary, and the all-beneficent Creator has graciously anticipated the wants and necessities of unborn millions in having given us exactly such a continuous means of supply and exchange from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of Mexico. The petition even cited editorials from the St. Paul papers stressing the importance of Minneapolis to the region's economy. . (circa 1850) No connections to the east. Then, they would move to the next troublesome reach. Deep pools might run near one bank for a short reach and then jump to the other. Where steamboat pilots followed the deepest channel, as it hugged one shore or the other, leaning trees might sweep poorly placed cargo or an unwary passenger from a steamboat's deck. As the experiments with closing dams had shown, cutting off the side channels greatly increased the main channel's flow. Considering the traumas . But, as a result of the economic panic beginning that year, a number of unprecedented droughts and the Civil War, navigation, they brashly claimed, had receded some sixteen miles, to St. Paul, where all the freight destined to these cities, (Minneapolis and St. Anthony) and the vast regions north and west . The 2,340 miles of the Mississippi River are entirely within the . Kane, Rivalry, pp. Railroads have got enough for the present. In this act, Congress directed the Corps to extend navigation to the Washington Avenue Bridge by constructing Lock and Dam 2.91 While it did not mention Lock and Dam 1, Congress called for improving the river from near the mouth of the Minnesota River to the Washington Avenue Bridge, indicating that another lock and dam would be built below Meeker Island. "We actually thought he'd died," Resop said. From the St. Croix to the Illinois River it varied from 18 to 24 inches.15 A few miles below St. Paul, the river sometimes became so shallow that boats would have to stop within sight of the city.16 The folklore that people once waded across the Mississippi is true. After Union forces captured Vicksburg, Mississippi, in 1863, President Abraham Lincoln saw the emancipated river as a symbol of a nation unified: "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the. James Piggott, a late eighteenth century pioneer, settled in Cahokia and established a ferry operation, providing passage to St. Louis for travelers on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River. First, the "Stars and Stripes" flag . Historical Features are physical or cultural features that are no longer visible on the landscape. From their pioneer days on, they insisted that the federal government should improve the river for navigation. Thomas A. This also caused some delay. Port Gibson has a nice little downtown area and town square which features the Claiborne County courthouse. Railroads, more than the river, would meet the regions need, but not without a price, a price much too high for some. 84-85, 91. They divided the upper Mississippi into a series of deep pools separated by wide shallows that sometimes stranded even the lightest steamboats. For months he had studied them, conferred with subordinates, undertaken personal reconnaissances and endured failures. I am very well but much perplexed, he admitted to his wife. This is a list of bridgesand other crossings of the Lower Mississippi Riverfrom the Ohio Riverdownstream to the Gulf of Mexico. During low water, no continuous channel existed. Woods, Knights of the Plow: Oliver Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology, (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991), Chapters 7 and 8, supports and greatly expands on Barns' argument that Kelley actively pushed economic and political solutions and/or tacitly approved while others did so. But when the Father of Waters was reached, these methods were out of the question: here apparently was an insurmountable obstacle. In June and July of 1891, Mackenzie carried out even more accurate surveys of most of the river from the Minneapolis steamboat warehouse to the Short Line bridge below Meeker Island and of select areas down to the Minnesota River; see Annual Report, 1891, p. 2154. . By 1857, St. Paul had become a bustling port, with over 1,000 steamboat arrivals each year by some 62 to 99 boats.2, As rapidly as the number of steamboats increased, they could not keep pace with demand. The best market for the Midwest's corn, flour, pork, and beef, it claimed, was the South. A circular trail connected the head of navigation of the Mississippi River with Pembina, North Dakota. 30, 50-52. The Corps had experimented with channel constriction in 1874. .53 Recognizing the Granger movement's growing strength and its discontent with the Republican party's failure to deal with monopolies and the farm crisis, Donnelly joined the movement in 1872. . While Grant continued planning and waited for the roads to dry out, he kept the troops at work digging a canal. Quincy and Cairo, Illinois, became railheads in 1856, and East St. Louis, Illinois, and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, in 1857. They also raised funds during the 1850s to remove boulders and other obstacles.69 Recognizing that the river's challenges required more than these futile measures, navigation boosters began discussing a lock and dam for the river above St. Paul as early as 1852. The earliest type of ferry to operate on the Mississippi River was the canoe. Before 1906, the important problem of the arrangement was largely left to the judgment of local engineers. The Mississippi River, the state insisted, provided the natural link. Originally published in the July 2006 issue of Civil War Times. Without enough current, this happened too slowly for navigation. To subscribe, click here. 92-93; Kane, Rivalry, pp. The Mississippi River facilitated this growth in two ways. Printed in the Minnesota Monthlys July edition, the convention's preamble to its resolutions declared: "The Mississippi River traverses for thousands of miles the noblest agricultural regions of the earth, running from North to South, . Together, the Grange, shippers and merchants, boosters in river towns and the Windom committee persuaded Congress to authorize the 41/2-foot channel project. In 1872, Captain J. Throckmorton argued that while wing dams would probably not work for the upper river, closing dams would. Doc. Annual Report 1872, p. 310. 15T E 635413 N 4489267. In its petition, the state stressed that boats had frequently landed within two and one-half miles of downtown Minneapolis, up until 1857. La Crosse, Wisconsin, joined these cities, becoming the terminus of the Milwaukee and La Crosse in 1858. By a 4-foot channel, Congress meant a channel at least 4 feet deep if the river fell as low as it did in 1864. He lists 99 boats counting for 965 arrivals in 1857 and 62 boats as accounting for the 1,090 arrivals in 1858. Millers at St. Anthony were profiting from the release of water from the Headwaters Reservoirs, but Minneapolis civic and commercial boosters wanted more than milling. A thick limestone mantle formed the riverbed. Solon J. Buck, Granger Movement, A Study of Agricultural Organization and Its Political, Economic and Social Manifestations, 1870-1880, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1933), pp. 111 E. Kellogg Blvd., Suite 105 For wing dams, the suggested proportion of brush to rock was two to one, although where the current was strong, the ratio might increase to a ratio of three or four portions of brush for every one of rock. 106-7. Lester Shippee, Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi after the Civil War: A Mississippi Magnate, Mississippi Valley Historical Review 6:4 (March 1920):496; Dixon, A Traffic History, p. 49; Hartsough, Canoe, pp. Just past the crest, the channel quickly became deeper.30 Normally, the river would begin cutting through the steep slope on the back side of the bar and another bar would eventually begin forming downstream of it. To do this, they would have to change the Mississippi's landscape and environment. Formed in 1868 by Oliver Hudson Kelley, a Minnesota farmer who had moved to Washington, D.C., to work as a clerk in the Department of Agriculture, the Grange had established nearly 1,400 chapters in 25 states by 1873 (Figure 6).44 The number of chapters multiplied to more than 10,000 by the end of the year. Enough said. Major General Ulysses S. Grant stood over maps searching for answers. The first European to cross the Mississippi River was Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto by boat in 1541, and then railroads crossed it in 1856. Later a New City West was built on the Chicago-Detroit road through the dunes area, but this, too, declined after the railroads came through Porter County in the early 1850's. New City West stood in the vicinity of present-day Tremont, on US 12. c. 1810. Navigation boosters in Minneapolis failed, however, to convince Congress of the importance of their project. 206-09, 209, 246; William J. Petersen, Captains and Cargoes of Early Upper Mississippi Steamboats, Wisconsin Magazine of History 13 (1929_30):227-32; Mildred Hartsough, From Canoe to Steel Barge, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1934), pp. Sherman once said, Grant is brave, honest, & true, but not a Genius.. By narrowing the river and thereby increasing the main channel's velocity, the Corps hoped to scour one uninterrupted navigation channel the length of the upper river.63 Wing dams, closing dams and shore protection required two simple components: willow saplings and rock. Some easterners came to take the fashionable tour. Arriving in St. Louis or at other railheads on the river's east bank, these excursionists traveled upstream, sometimes to St. Anthony Falls, imbibing the river's beauty (see the above references). John O. Anfinson, The Secret History of the Mississippi's Earliest Locks and Dams, Minnesota History 54:6 (Summer 1995):254-67. Early railheads on the upper river's east bank fostered steamboat traffic, but they initiated its end as well. Demonstrating the Grange's early concern for improving the Mississippi River, the state Grange convention of 1869 featured the river. Doc. The St. Paul District commander, Major Francis R. Shunk, tried to explain the matter to Minneapolis Mayor J. C. Haynes on February 17, 1909. Petersen, Captains, p. 235; Tweet, History of Transportation on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, pp. The density of channel constriction works and the degree to which they physically and ecologically changed the river increased gradually over the project's history. Warren brought new hope for the project, when, in his 1867 annual report, he requested $235,665 to construct a lock and dam at Meeker Island.78 Warren engaged Franklin Cook, a former employee of the Minneapolis Mill Company, to undertake the survey. 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